Profile-based global live-range splitting

ABSTRACT

A system is provided for splitting a live-range of a variable in frequently executed regions of program instructions. The live-range of a variable is split into multiple sub-ranges, each of which can be assigned to a different register or spilled into memory. The amount of spill code is reduced in frequently used regions of code by coalescing the live ranges based on profile information obtained after splitting the live ranges at every join and fork point in a control flow graph.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a continuation patent application claiming thebenefit of the filing date of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/380,833, filed on Apr. 28, 2006, and titled “Profile-Based GlobalLive-Range Splitting” now pending, which is hereby incorporated byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field

This invention relates to optimization of a compiler. More specifically,the invention relates to reducing the amount of spill code forfrequently executed regions of program code.

2. Description Of The Prior Art

A control flow graph is a directed graph that represents the controlflow of program code. The control flow graph includes a plurality ofnodes and a directed edge. Each node represents a straight line sequenceof code that can be entered only at the beginning and exited only at theend, i.e. a basic block. A directed edge is a control flow from onebasic block to another basic block. FIG. 1 is a prior art diagram (1) ofa basic control flow graph. As shown there are a plurality of basicblocks. The first basic block (12) introduces and defines variables aand b. From the first basic block, there is a decision point thatenables the flow to proceed to one of two subsequent blocks (14) and(16). Separate edges (22) and (24) represent the control flow from thefirst basic block (12) to one of the two subsequent blocks (14) and(16). The edges (22) and (24) emanating from the first basic block (12)define a fork point, which is a point from which multiple edges branchin the control flow graph. Following completion of the instructions ateither block (22) or (24) the control flow is directed to a final basicblock (18). Again, there are two edges (26) and (28) that join at thefinal basic block. The point at which edges (26) and (28) join is knownas a joint point, which is a point into which multiple edges merge inthe control flow graph.

Register allocation is an important phase of compiling computer code. Itmaps variables to either registers or memory locations in a manner thatminimizes the number of accesses to memory during program execution. Byassigning frequently accessed variables to hardware registers, thenumber of memory references is reduced. Programs that utilize variablesstored in hardware registers execute faster than programs that utilizevariables stored in memory. It is known in the art that processors havea limited number of registers, and programs frequently have morevariables than registers. A graph, known as an interference graph isused to assign temporary variables to hardware registers. In aninterference graph, a node represents a live range and an edgerepresents the interference where two live ranges overlap. A live rangeof a variable is a range between an instruction where the variable isdefined and another instruction where the variable is used or not used.This graph is known as an interference graph because the values wouldinterfere with each other if they shared a register. Graph coloring is aprior art technique that assigns colors to the nodes in an interferencegraph such that neighboring nodes do not share a color, i.e. any twonodes connected by an edge must be colored with different registers. Iftwo variables do not interfere, the same register may be used for bothof them, thus reducing the number of registers needed. The same color,i.e. register, cannot be assigned to any two nodes that are connected byan edge.

Spilling is a process of placing a node, i.e. a live range, in memorywhen any register is not available. Reducing the amount of spill code infrequently executed program regions is critical to achieve highperformance. There are different types of spill techniques. One type isknown as the spill everywhere technique where an entire live range isplaced in memory. However, this technique generates redundant spill coderegardless of whether it is in a frequently executed program region.High performance is attained when a live range is placed in a registerinstead of memory in frequently executed program region. Anotherapproach is to spill some parts of a live range into memory. Thistechnique, starts spilling the live ranges after all the physicalregisters are used up. However, this technique may not select theoptimal parts of live ranges since it does not prioritize the parts oflive ranges that are associated with frequently executed programregions. A further approach that takes into account the spill everywheretechnique and the partial spilling technique is known as a live-rangesplitting technique. This technique splits a live range into smallersub-ranges before assigning any of the nodes to a registers. When a liverange x is split into two sub-ranges x₁ and x₂, a copy is created tomove a value from the source variable living in x₁ to the targetvariable living in x₂. This approach allows selection of the bestsub-range for spilling among the sub-ranges that are split fromdifferent live ranges. However, there are limitations with thistechnique including that each sub-range must have at least onedefinition or use except for copies, copies might be inserted in hotregions, i.e. frequently executed regions of code, and many copies aresequentially inserted. Accordingly, as explained herein there arelimitations associated with the prior art techniques that may increasethe amount of interference and degrade coloring results.

Therefore, there is a need for a live-range splitting algorithm thatreduces the amount of spill code in frequently executed regions of code.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention comprises a method, system, and computer program productfor splitting a live-range.

In one aspect, a computer system is provided with a range managerresponsible for splitting each live range of a variable into multiplesub-ranges on all edges leading to joint points, and in one embodimentcoming from fork points in a control flow graph. The manager splits thelive range prior to coloring the nodes in the graph. During the split ofthe live-range, the manager analyzes each created sub-range based upontraversal of instructions in each basic block of the graph and assignsattributes to the sub-range(s). Thereafter, multiple sub-ranges arecoalesced in frequently executed regions of program code based onprofile information and the assigned attributes.

Other features and advantages of this invention will become apparentfrom the following detailed description of the presently preferredembodiment of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings referenced herein form a part of the specification.Features shown in the drawings are meant as illustrative of only someembodiments of the invention, and not of all embodiments of theinvention unless otherwise explicitly indicated.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art control-flow graph.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart outlining the primary steps of the live-rangesplitting technique according to the preferred embodiment of thisinvention, and is suggested for printing on the first page of the issuedpatent.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are flow charts illustrating live-range splitting.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are flow charts illustrating sub-range coalescing.

FIG. 5 is a table illustrating the coalescing rules.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating spill decision.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Technical Details

FIG. 2 is a flow chart (100) of a live-range splitting algorithm. Thefirst step of the algorithm entails liveliness analysis (102). In thisstep, the live range of each variable is analyzed and a unique name isassigned to each live range. A live range of a variable is defined as arange between an instruction where the variable is defined and anotherinstruction where the variable is used or not used. More specifically,the set of variables living at the entry and exit of each basic block inthe control-flow graph are analyzed. Following the analysis in step(102), each live range is split into multiple sub-ranges (104). Thedetails of the live-range splitting is shown in FIG. 3 below. Theinformation associated with the live-range splitting is used to coalescethe sub-ranges (106), as shown in detail in FIGS. 4A and 4B below, andto select the sub-ranges to be spilled (108), as shown in detail in FIG.6 below. Finally, spill code is generated (110) for the sub-rangesselected to be spilled.

As noted above, FIGS. 3A and 3B are flow chart (150) of a live-rangingsplitting algorithm that follows the analysis of the live range. InFIGS. 3A and 3B, each live range is split into multiple sub-ranges byinserting copies to split live ranges on all of the edges leading to thejoin points or coming from the fork points in the control-flow graph. Aninserted copy splits a live range into two sub-ranges sr₁ and sr₂. Thecopy has a source variable living in sr₁ and has a target variableliving in sr₂. Live-range splitting processes are known in the art.FIGS. 3A and 3B discussed below outline in detail novel elements of thelive-range splitting technique. In one embodiment, the amount of spillcode in frequently accessed regions, i.e. hot regions, is minimized bysplitting live ranges into sub-ranges prior to coloring. To do this, thelive ranges are split on all of the edges leading to the join points orcoming from the fork points in the control-flow graph, and the hotregions are coalesced based on profile information and those copies areremoved. The removed copies may be converted into the spill code in thehot regions.

In order to split the live ranges, the instruction sequence in eachbasic block is traversed (152). Saturation points, which are defined asthe instructions where the number of overlapping live ranges is morethan the number of physical registers, whether or not each sub-range hasuses or definitions, and whether or not each sub-range extends acrossthe saturation points are analyzed (154). One of two kinds of attributesare assigned to each sub-range (156). The first attribute of thesub-range is defined as either a significant sub-range or aninsignificant sub-range. A significant sub-range is a sub-range thatextends across at least one saturation point. An insignificant sub-rangeis a sub-range that does not extend across any saturation points. Thesecond attribute pertains to the definition or use of the sub-range inthe form of an active sub-range and an inactive sub-range. An activesub-range is a sub-range that has at least one definition or use, and aninactive sub-range is a sub-range that does not have any definition oruse. The first step in splitting a live range is to remove a sub-rangeof a variable defined by the last instruction of a basic building blockfrom a set of sub-ranges living at the end of the basic block beingtraversed (158). One or more sub-ranges of the variables used in thelast instruction of the basic building block are added to the set ofsub-ranges living at the end of the basic block being traversed (160).Thereafter, the sub-ranges of the variables defined or used in the lastinstruction are categorized into a set of active sub-ranges or a set ofsignificant-active sub-ranges (162).

Following step (162), a test is conducted to determine if the number ofsub-ranges in the set of sub-ranges living at the end of the basic blockbeing traversed is larger than the number of available physicalregisters (164). A positive response to the test at step (164) willresult in registering the last instruction of the basic block beingtraversed to a set of saturation points with a copy of a set ofsub-ranges living at the end of a basic block being traversed (166). Allof the active ranges in the set of sub-ranges living at the end of thebasic block being traversed are categorized as significant-activesub-ranges (168). Similarly, all of the inactive sub-ranges in the setof sub-ranges living at the end of the basic block being traversed arecategorized as significant-inactive sub-ranges (170). Following step(170) or a negative response to the test at step (164), a test isconducted to determine if the last instruction of the basic block beingtraversed is the first instruction in the basic block being traversed(172). A negative response to the test at step (172) will result inassigning the instruction previous to the last instruction of the basicblock being traversed to be the last instruction of the basic blockbeing traversed (174), followed by a return to step (158). However, apositive response to the test at step (172) will result in completion ofthe live range splitting process (176). As shown in FIG. 3, thelive-range splitting process analyzes the saturation points, whether ornot each sub-range has uses or definition, and which sub-ranges extendacross the saturation points.

The analysis shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B is used to coalesce and spill thesub-ranges. Following the process of splitting live ranges into smallersub-ranges, the sub-ranges are coalesced to reduce the amount of spillcode in hot regions. FIGS. 4A and 4B are flow charts (200) illustratingthe process for coalescing two adjacent sub-ranges. Three coalescingrules are implemented according to the following attributes of thesub-ranges being coalesced: insignificant-inactive,insignificant-active, significant-inactive, and significant-active. Thefirst test determines if a source variable of the splitting copy isequal to a target variable of the splitting copy (202). If the responseto the test at step (202) is positive, a sub-range of the sourcevariable of the splitting copy is coalesced with the sub-range of thetarget variable of the splitting copy (212). If the response to the testat step (202) is negative, a subsequent test based upon the first ruleis conducted to determine if both the source variable of the splittingcopy and the target variable of the splitting copy are significantinactive (204). In one embodiment, significant inactive means that thesub-range of the variable extends across at least on saturation pointand does not have any use or definition. When both of two adjacentsub-ranges are significant-inactive, as demonstrated by a positiveresponse to the test at step (204), the two adjacent sub-ranges arecoalesced unconditionally (212). A copy splitting twosignificant-inactive sub-ranges is the least necessary becausesignificant-inactive sub-ranges are most likely to be spilled withoutgenerating any spill code except for the spill code converted from thecopy. If these sub-ranges are not coalesced, redundant spill code may begenerated at the splitting points.

As shown, a positive response will results in a sub-range of the sourcevariable of the splitting copy being coalesced with the sub-range of thetarget variable of the splitting copy (212). However, a negativeresponse to the test at step (204) will result in another test basedupon the second rule to determine if one of the two adjacent sub-rangesis insignificant-active (206). A positive response to the test at step(206) will result in subsequent test to determine if the coalescedsub-range has a lower spill cost than a significant sub-range before itwas coalesced (208). When one sub-range is an insignificant-activesub-range and a second adjacent sub-range is a significant sub-range,the two sub-ranges are coalesced if the cost for spilling the coalescedsub-ranges is lower than the cost for spilling the second adjacentsub-range, as shown in the flow chart in the form of a positive responseto the test at step (208). An insignificant-active sub-range does notneed to be spilled. Coalescing the insignificant-active sub-range with asignificant sub-range potentially generates redundant spill code. Suchredundant spill code is beneficial if its execution cost is lower thanthat of the removed copy. In one embodiment, multiple copies of asub-range can be removed at the same time. Similarly, a negativeresponse to the test at step (206) will result in a subsequent testbased upon the third rule to determine if neither of the two adjacentsub-ranges is insignificant-active or one of the two adjacent sub-rangesis not significant-inactive (210). Based upon the parameters of thethird rule it is determined if the difference in execution frequenciesbetween the source and destination basic blocks of the splitting edge iswithin a threshold. In one embodiment, the threshold is defined as halfthe execution frequency of the source basic blocks if the executionfrequency of the source basic blocks is greater than the executionfrequency of the delineation basic block, or half the executionfrequency of the destination basic blocks if the execution frequency ofthe destination basic blocks is greater than the execution frequency ofthe source basic block. A positive response to the test at step (210)will result in a sub-range of the source variable of the splitting copybeing coalesced with the sub-range of the target variable of thesplitting copy (212). However, a negative response to tests (208) or(210) will end the tests to determine coalescing of the sub-ranges(214).

FIG. 5 is a table (250) outlining application of the three rules usedfor coalescing adjacent sub-ranges as demonstrated in FIG. 4. As shown,the test for the first rule is shown at step (204) applies when both oftwo adjacent sub-ranges are significant-inactive. In this case, they areunconditionally coalesced. The test for the second rule as shown at step(206) determines if one of the two adjacent sub-ranges isinsignificant-active. As shown, the test for the second rule appliesonly when one of the two sub-ranges is defined as insignificant-active.In this case the two adjacent sub-ranges are coalesced only if thecoalesced sub-range has a lower spill cost than a significant sub-rangebefore it was coalesced. The test for the third rule, as shown at step(210), applies if both of the two adjacent sub-ranges is significant orone of the two adjacent sub-ranges is not significant-inactive. In thiscase a frequency of use analysis is conducted to determine if the twoadjacent sub-ranges should be coalesced. Although there are only threegeneral rules demonstrated to determine optimal coalescing conditions,the invention should not be limited to these rules illustrated. In oneembodiment, the rules may be modified or additional or alternative rulesmay be implemented to determine optimal conditions for coalescingadjacent sub-ranges.

Following the process of coalescing sub-ranges as outlined in FIG. 4, aprocess is initiated for selecting sub-ranges for spilling fromsignificant-inactive or significant-active sub-ranges. FIG. 6 is a flowchart (300) outlining the process for determining which sub-ranges tospill. Initially, a test is conducted to determine if a set ofsignificant-inactive sub-ranges is empty (302). The significant-inactivesub-ranges are the first candidates for spilling because they may wastephysical registers without any computation in their sub-range. Anegative response to the test at step (302), will result in selecting asub-range from the set of significant-inactive sub-ranges that extendacross the largest number of saturation points in the set ofsignificant-inactive sub-ranges (304). However, a positive response tothe test at step (302) will result in a test to determine if a set ofsignificant-active sub-ranges is empty (306). A negative response to thetest at step (306) will result in selection of a sub-range from the setof significant-active sub-ranges with the lowest spill cost (308).Following step (308), the variable SR is assigned to the selectedsub-range (310), i.e. the sub-range with the determined lowest spillcost from step (308), and the variable SubSP is assigned to a subset ofsaturation points across which the selected sub-range, SR, extends(312). Thereafter, the selected sub-range (314) is removed from thesub-range set registered to each saturation point in the subset ofsaturation points, SubSP, each of the saturation points which has fewersub-ranges than the number of available physical registers is removedfrom the set of saturation points, SP, (316), and the sub-ranges thatare no longer significant in the set of significant-inactive sub-rangesand the set of significant-active sub-ranges are removed from the set ofsignificant-inactive sub-ranges and the set of significant-activesub-ranges (318). Following step (318), a test is conducted to determineif the set of saturation points is empty (320). A negative response tothe test at step (320) will result in a return to step (302). However, apositive response to the test at steps (306) or (320) will result incompletion of the spill decision process (322). Accordingly, the processoutlined herein selects sub-ranges for spilling fromsignificant-inactive or significant-active sub-ranges.

Following the selection of sub-ranges for spilling, spill instructionsare generated for the selected sub-ranges through use of a spilleverywhere approach. A store instruction is inserted after everydefinition where a value is written to a variable in each sub-rangeselected for spilling, and a load instruction is inserted before everyuse where a value is read from a variable in each sub-range selected forspilling. If the source variable, from which a value is read, of a copyis spilled, the copy is converted into a load to the target variable, towhich a value is written. Similarly, if the target variable of a copy isspilled, the copy is converted into a store from the source variable. Ifthe target and source variables of a copy are both spilled, the copy iseliminated. After generating spill code, all the remaining copies areremoved.

The invention can take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, anentirely software embodiment or an embodiment containing both hardwareand software elements. In a preferred embodiment, the invention isimplemented in software, which includes but is not limited to firmware,resident software, microcode, etc. With respect to the hardwareembodiment, managers and directors may be present to facilitatemanagement of range splitting, profiling, and coalescing.

Furthermore, the invention can take the form of a computer programproduct accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable mediumproviding program code for use by or in connection with a computer orany instruction execution system. For the purposes of this description,a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any apparatus thatcan contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program foruse by or in connection with the instruction execution system,apparatus, or device.

The medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic,infrared, or semiconductor system (or apparatus or device) or apropagation medium. Examples of a computer-readable medium include asemiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computerdiskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), arigid magnetic disk and an optical disk. Current examples of opticaldisks include compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM), compact diskread/write (CD-R/W) and DVD.

A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing programcode will include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectlyto memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements can includelocal memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulkstorage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at leastsome program code in order to reduce the number of times code must beretrieved from bulk storage during execution.

Advantages Over The Prior Art

Each live range is split into multiple sub-ranges at every join and forkpoint in the control-flow graph. The sub-ranges are subsequentlycoalesced in frequently accessed regions based upon profile informationassociated with each sub-range. This generates the spill code in lessfrequently accessed blocks in the control flow graph and providesefficient use of registers in frequently accessed blocks in the controlflow graph. In addition, some of the sub-ranges are spilled into memorybefore the coloring phase and no redundant copy between sub-ranges isleft to the coloring phase.

Alternative Embodiments

It will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of theinvention have been described herein for purposes of illustration,various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention. In particular, when spill code is generated aspill area in memory may be allocated to each spilled sub-range. A spillarea may be shared among sub-ranges split from a live range becausethose sub-ranges never overlap. In addition, a spill area can be sharedamong the sub-ranges split from the original live ranges that do notoverlap. To do this a prefix which expresses the name of an originallive range is added to the name of each sub-range and the interferencegraph is built among original live ranges when renaming sub-ranges. Itcan be determined which spill area can be re-used by correlating thespill area allocated to a sub-range with the name of the sub-range. Theinterference graph for the original live ranges may be used in thecoloring phase to re-use the spill area allocated. Accordingly, thescope of protection of this invention is limited only by the followingclaims and their equivalents.

We claim:
 1. A computer system, comprising: a processing unit incommunication with memory; a range manager, executable by the processingunit, to split each live range of a variable into multiple sub-ranges onall edges leading to joint points and coming from fork points in acontrol flow graph before coloring nodes in a corresponding interferencegraph, wherein a portion of the sub-ranges is inactive; said rangemanager to profile each sub-range based upon traversal of a basicbuilding block of said control flow graph, select frequently executedregions of code, and limit coalescing sub-ranges to said selectedfrequently executed regions of code based upon profiles, includingremoval of copies dividing initial live ranges into sub-ranges in saidfrequently executed regions, and wherein coalescing is limited toregions consisting of said frequently executed regions; and a spillmanager, executable by the processing unit, to select a set ofsub-ranges in less used regions to be spilled into memory, withoutspilling sub-ranges during the coloring phase and without leavingredundant sub-ranges to the coloring phase, wherein said sub-ranges areselected initially from those classified as significant-inactive andsecondarily from those classified as significant active.
 2. The systemof claim 1, wherein coalesce of said sub-ranges includes two adjacentsub-ranges which are split on an edge between two basic building blocksthat have similar execution frequencies.
 3. The system of claim 1,further comprising assignment of a profile to a sub-range, includingassignment of a category to said sub-ranges based upon activity of saidsub-range across a saturation point, wherein said category is selectedfrom a group consisting of: inactive, active, significant inactive, andsignificant active.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the limit ofcoalescing sub-ranges includes: unconditionally coalescing two adjacentsub-ranges categorized as significant-inactive, coalescing two adjacentsub-ranges based upon cost analysis when one of said sub-ranges iscategorized as insignificant inactive, and coalescing two adjacentsub-ranges based upon execution frequency analysis when neither of saidsub-ranges is categorized as insignificant-active or when one or saidsub-ranges is categorized as other than significant inactive.
 5. Acomputer system, comprising: a processing unit in communication withmemory; a range manager, executable by the processing unit, to spliteach live range of a variable into multiple sub-ranges on all edgesleading to joint points and all edges coming from fork points in acontrol flow graph before coloring nodes in a corresponding interferencegraph, including creation of two adjacent sub-ranges which are split onan edge between two basic building blocks that have similar executionfrequencies; said range manager to profile each sub-range based upontraversal of a basic building block of said control flow graph, selectfrequently executed regions of code, and limit a process of coalescingsub-ranges to said selected frequently executed regions of code basedupon profiles, thereby removing copies dividing initial live ranges intosub-ranges in said frequently executed regions; and a spill manager,executable by the processing unit, to select a set of sub-ranges in lessused regions to be spilled into memory, without spilling sub-rangesduring the coloring phase and without leaving redundant sub-ranges tothe coloring phase, wherein said sub-ranges are selected initially fromthose classified as significant-inactive and secondarily from thoseclassified as significant active.
 6. A computer system, comprising: aprocessing unit in communication with memory; a range manager,executable by the processing unit, to split each live range of avariable into multiple sub-ranges on all edges leading to joint pointsand coming from fork points in a control flow graph before coloringnodes in a corresponding interference graph; said range manager toanalyze a sub-range by assigning a category to said sub-ranges basedupon activity of said sub-range across a saturation point, wherein saidcategory is selected from the group consisting of: inactive, active,significant inactive, and significant active; said range manager toselect frequently executed regions of code, and limit coalescingsub-ranges to said selected frequently executed regions of code basedupon profiles, thereby removing copies dividing initial live ranges intosub-ranges in said frequently executed regions, and wherein coalescingis limited to regions consisting of said frequently executed regions;and a spill manager, executable by the processing unit, to select a setof sub-ranges in less used regions to be spilled into memory, withoutspilling sub-ranges during the coloring phase and without leavingredundant sub-ranges to the coloring phase, wherein said sub-ranges areselected initially from those classified as significant-inactive andsecondarily from those classified as significant active.